Question 1

According to the cognitive explanation of classical conditioning, a CS that is a "good" signal associated with an US is a CS that

Accepted Answer

A)   is novel or intense.
B)   has been paired with the US many times.
C)   accurately predicts the presentation of the US.
D)   is presented immediately after the US.E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 2

The tendency to make a response increases following the use of ____ and the tendency to make a response decreases following the use of ____.

Accepted Answer

A)   punishment; negative reinforcement
B)   negative reinforcement; punishment
C)   positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
D)   negative reinforcement; positive reinforcementE) B) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 3

According to Rescorla, the single best way to ensure a strong CR is to arrange that the CS

Accepted Answer

A)   remains constantly present throughout training.
B)   be one that is well above the absolute threshold of the animal being trained.
C)   sometimes occurs when the US is not present.
D)   is the most predictive signal for the US.E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 4

The advertising industry often attempts to manipulate consumers so that they will have positive associations with their company's product by applying the principles of

Accepted Answer

A)   behavior modification.
B)   operant conditioning.
C)   classical conditioning.
D)   observational learning.E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 5

Group A rats receive 30 paired buzzer-shock trials. Group B rats get the same, but also 20 more trials with shock alone (no buzzer) . You would predict that

Accepted Answer

A)   Group A and B later show equal fear response to the buzzer.
B)   Group B shows a stronger fear response to the buzzer.
C)   Group A extinguishes fear to the buzzer more rapidly.
D)   Group A shows a stronger fear response to the buzzer.E) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 6

Design a self-modification program to improve your study habits.

Accepted Answer

Good responses will: (1) specify observa...

Question 7

In a signal relations study, CS-US trials are alternated with presentation of the US alone. What will occur?

Accepted Answer

A)   stronger conditioning than would have occurred without the US alone trials
B)   weaker conditioning than would have occurred without the US alone trials
C)   latent learning
D)   extinctionE) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 8

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)   Observational learning is entirely separate from both classical and operant conditioning.
B)   Observational learning is a form of classical conditioning.
C)   Observational learning is a form of operant conditioning.
D)   Both classical and operant conditioning can take place vicariously through observational learning.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 9

The evolutionary perspective on learning suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)   most species respond to classical conditioning, but only mammals show operant conditioning.
B)   most species respond to operant conditioning, but only mammals show classical conditioning.
C)   differences in the adaptive challenges faced by various species have led to some species-specific learning tendencies.
D)   because all species face the same adaptive challenges, species-specific learning tendencies will disappear as a species evolves.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 10

Which of the following would NOT result in an increase in the effectiveness of punishment?

Accepted Answer

A)   lengthening the delay between the response and the punishment
B)   increasing the intensity of the punishment
C)   providing the subject with an alternative response that will lead to the desired reinforcer
D)   making the punishment more consistentE) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 11

Tia wants to be the governor for her state. In all her television ads she plays patriotic music and has the American flag displayed in the background. If voters develop positive feelings toward Tia as a result of these ads, those positive feelings would represent

Accepted Answer

A)   an unconditioned response.
B)   a conditioned response.
C)   positive reinforcement.
D)   negative reinforcement.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 12

When the rat presses a lever, the mild electric shock on the cage floor is turned off. What procedure is being used?

Accepted Answer

A)   punishment
B)   escape
C)   discrimination training
D)   avoidanceE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 13

Which of the following produces strong resistance to extinction?

Accepted Answer

A)   a continuous reinforcement schedule
B)   an intermittent reinforcement schedule
C)   optimal foraging behavior
D)   discrimination and differentiationE) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 14

Briefly describe observational learning, and explain how it relates to classical and operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning occurs when an or...

Question 15

Both ____ increase the probability that a response will be repeated.

Accepted Answer

A)   positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
B)   positive reinforcement and punishment
C)   negative reinforcement and punishment
D)   reinforcement and punishmentE) All of the above
F) None of the above

Question 16

In higher-order conditioning, a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were a(n) ____________________ stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In higher-order conditioning, a conditioned stimulus functions...

Question 17

The first step in a behavior modification program is to

Accepted Answer

A)   gather baseline data.
B)   specify the antecedents.
C)   specify the target behavior.
D)   design a program.E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 18

Which of the following best summarizes the beliefs of most experts regarding the use of punishment?

Accepted Answer

A)   mild to moderate disciplinary spanking is detrimental for children
B)   harsh, abusive punishment is detrimental for children
C)   neither of the above
D)   both of the aboveE) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 19

The type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others who are called models is

Accepted Answer

A)   operant conditioning.
B)   modeling.
C)   observational learning.
D)   classical conditioning.E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 20

A rat is placed on one side of a two-compartment shuttle box. For each trial, a light is turned on and is followed 10 seconds later by a painful electric shock for one minute. The rat can terminate the trial by jumping a barrier into the other compartment. If the rat jumps during the light, it has learned to ____ the shock; if the rat jumps during the shock, it has learned to ____ the shock.

Accepted Answer

A)   escape; avoid
B)   avoid; escape
C)   escape; escape
D)   avoid; avoidE) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

Exam 12: Learning Part 2

Both ____ increase the probability that a response will be repeated.

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following produces strong resistance to extinction?

Correct Answer
verified

The type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others who are called models is

Correct Answer
verified

According to the cognitive explanation of classical conditioning, a CS that is a "good" signal associated with an US is a CS that

Correct Answer
verified

In a signal relations study, CS-US trials are alternated with presentation of the US alone. What will occur?

Correct Answer
verified

When the rat presses a lever, the mild electric shock on the cage floor is turned off. What procedure is being used?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following best summarizes the beliefs of most experts regarding the use of punishment?

Correct Answer
verified

Design a self-modification program to improve your study habits.

Correct Answer
verified
Good responses will: (1) specify observa...
View Answer

Which of the following would NOT result in an increase in the effectiveness of punishment?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

Correct Answer
verified

Group A rats receive 30 paired buzzer-shock trials. Group B rats get the same, but also 20 more trials with shock alone (no buzzer) . You would predict that

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Tia wants to be the governor for her state. In all her television ads she plays patriotic music and has the American flag displayed in the background. If voters develop positive feelings toward Tia as a result of these ads, those positive feelings would represent

Correct Answer
verified

The evolutionary perspective on learning suggests that

Correct Answer
verified

According to Rescorla, the single best way to ensure a strong CR is to arrange that the CS

Correct Answer
verified

The tendency to make a response increases following the use of and the tendency to make a response decreases following the use of .

Correct Answer
verified

In higher-order conditioning, a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were a(n) ____________________ stimulus.

Correct Answer
verified

The first step in a behavior modification program is to

Correct Answer
verified

The advertising industry often attempts to manipulate consumers so that they will have positive associations with their company's product by applying the principles of

Correct Answer
verified

Briefly describe observational learning, and explain how it relates to classical and operant conditioning.

Correct Answer
verified
Observational learning occurs when an or...
View Answer

Exam 12: Learning Part 2

Both ____ increase the probability that a response will be repeated.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following produces strong resistance to extinction?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others who are called models is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the cognitive explanation of classical conditioning, a CS that is a "good" signal associated with an US is a CS that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In a signal relations study, CS-US trials are alternated with presentation of the US alone. What will occur?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When the rat presses a lever, the mild electric shock on the cage floor is turned off. What procedure is being used?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following best summarizes the beliefs of most experts regarding the use of punishment?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Design a self-modification program to improve your study habits.

Correct AnswerverifiedGood responses will: (1) specify observa...View AnswerShow Answer

Which of the following would NOT result in an increase in the effectiveness of punishment?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Group A rats receive 30 paired buzzer-shock trials. Group B rats get the same, but also 20 more trials with shock alone (no buzzer) . You would predict that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Tia wants to be the governor for her state. In all her television ads she plays patriotic music and has the American flag displayed in the background. If voters develop positive feelings toward Tia as a result of these ads, those positive feelings would represent

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The evolutionary perspective on learning suggests that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Rescorla, the single best way to ensure a strong CR is to arrange that the CS

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The tendency to make a response increases following the use of ____ and the tendency to make a response decreases following the use of ____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In higher-order conditioning, a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were a(n) ____________________ stimulus.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The first step in a behavior modification program is to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The advertising industry often attempts to manipulate consumers so that they will have positive associations with their company's product by applying the principles of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Briefly describe observational learning, and explain how it relates to classical and operant conditioning.

Correct AnswerverifiedObservational learning occurs when an or...View AnswerShow Answer

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
verified
Good responses will: (1) specify observa...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

The tendency to make a response increases following the use of and the tendency to make a response decreases following the use of .

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
Observational learning occurs when an or...
View Answer