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Someone who is risk averse has a general dislike for risk and a preference for certainty. If risk aversion exists in the market, then investors in general are willing to accept somewhat lower returns on less risky securities. Different investors have different degrees of risk aversion, and the end result is that investors with greater risk aversion tend to hold securities with lower risk (and therefore a lower expected return) than investors who have more tolerance for risk.

A) True
B) False

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Stocks A, B, and C all have an expected return of 10% and a standard deviation of 25%. Stocks A and B have returns that are independent of one another, i.e., their correlation coefficient, r, equals zero. Stocks A and C have returns that are negatively correlated with one another, i.e., r is less than 0. Portfolio AB is a portfolio with half of its money invested in Stock A and half in Stock B. Portfolio AC is a portfolio with half of its money invested in Stock A and half invested in Stock C. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?


A) Portfolio AC has an expected return that is less than 10%.
B) Portfolio AC has an expected return that is greater than 25%.
C) Portfolio AB has a standard deviation that is greater than 25%.
D) Portfolio AB has a standard deviation that is equal to 25%.
E) Portfolio AC has a standard deviation that is less than 25%.

F) A) and D)
G) B) and D)

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We would generally find that the beta of a single security is more stable over time than the beta of a diversified portfolio.

A) True
B) False

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Managers should under no conditions take actions that increase their firm's risk relative to the market, regardless of how much those actions would increase the firm's expected rate of return.

A) True
B) False

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If investors are risk averse and hold only one stock, we can conclude that the required rate of return on a stock whose standard deviation is 0.21 will be greater than the required return on a stock whose standard deviation is 0.10. However, if stocks are held in portfolios, it is possible that the required return could be higher on the stock with the lower standard deviation.

A) True
B) False

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Stock A's stock has a beta of 1.30, and its required return is 12.00%. Stock B's beta is 0.80. If the risk-free rate is 4.75%, what is the required rate of return on B's stock? (Hint: First find the market risk premium.)


A) 8.76%
B) 8.98%
C) 9.21%
D) 9.44%
E) 9.68%

F) B) and E)
G) A) and B)

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Which of the following is NOT a potential problem when estimating and using betas, i.e., which statement is FALSE?


A) The fact that a security or project may not have a past history that can be used as the basis for calculating beta.
B) Sometimes, during a period when the company is undergoing a change such as toward more leverage or riskier assets, the calculated beta will be drastically different from the "true" or "expected future" beta.
C) The beta of an "average stock," or "the market," can change over time, sometimes drastically.
D) Sometimes the past data used to calculate beta do not reflect the likely risk of the firm for the future because conditions have changed.
E) The beta coefficient of a stock is normally found by regressing past returns on a stock against past market returns. This calculated historical beta may differ from the beta that exists in the future.

F) A) and D)
G) All of the above

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A highly risk-averse investor is considering adding one additional stock to a 3-stock portfolio, to form a 4-stock portfolio. The three stocks currently held all have b = 1.0, and they are perfectly positively correlated with the market. Potential new Stocks A and B both have expected returns of 15%, are in equilibrium, and are equally correlated with the market, with r = 0.75. However, Stock A's standard deviation of returns is 12% versus 8% for Stock B. Which stock should this investor add to his or her portfolio, or does the choice not matter?


A) Either A or B, i.e., the investor should be indifferent between the two.
B) Stock A.
C) Stock B.
D) Neither A nor B, as neither has a return sufficient to compensate for risk.
E) Add A, since its beta must be lower.

F) A) and B)
G) C) and D)

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Nile Food's stock has a beta of 1.4, while Elba Eateries' stock has a beta of 0.7. Assume that the risk-free rate, rRF, is 5.5% and the market risk premium, (rM − rRF) , equals 4%. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?


A) If the risk-free rate increases but the market risk premium remains unchanged, the required return will increase for both stocks but the increase will be larger for Nile since it has a higher beta.
B) If the market risk premium increases but the risk-free rate remains unchanged, Nile's required return will increase because it has a beta greater than 1.0 but Elba's required return will decline because it has a beta less than 1.0.
C) Since Nile's beta is twice that of Elba's, its required rate of return will also be twice that of Elba's.
D) If the risk-free rate increases while the market risk premium remains constant, then the required return on an average stock will increase.
E) If the market risk premium decreases but the risk-free rate remains unchanged, Nile's required return will decrease because it has a beta greater than 1.0 and Elba's will also decrease, but by more than Nile's because it has a beta less than 1.0.

F) D) and E)
G) A) and D)

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According to the Capital Asset Pricing Model, investors are primarily concerned with portfolio risk, not the risks of individual stocks held in isolation. Thus, the relevant risk of a stock is the stock's contribution to the riskiness of a well-diversified portfolio.

A) True
B) False

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Which of the following statements is CORRECT?


A) If you add enough randomly selected stocks to a portfolio, you can completely eliminate all of the market risk from the portfolio.
B) If you were restricted to investing in publicly traded common stocks, yet you wanted to minimize the riskiness of your portfolio as measured by its beta, then according to the CAPM theory you should invest an equal amount of money in each stock in the market. That is, if there were 10,000 traded stocks in the world, the least risky possible portfolio would include some shares of each one.
C) If you formed a portfolio that consisted of all stocks with betas less than 1.0, which is about half of all stocks, the portfolio would itself have a beta coefficient that is equal to the weighted average beta of the stocks in the portfolio, and that portfolio would have less risk than a portfolio that consisted of all stocks in the market.
D) Market risk can be eliminated by forming a large portfolio, and if some Treasury bonds are held in the portfolio, the portfolio can be made to be completely riskless.
E) A portfolio that consists of all stocks in the market would have a required return that is equal to the riskless rate.

F) C) and E)
G) A) and C)

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A mutual fund manager has a $40 million portfolio with a beta of 1.00. The risk-free rate is 4.25%, and the market risk premium is 6.00%. The manager expects to receive an additional $60 million which she plans to invest in additional stocks. After investing the additional funds, she wants the fund's required and expected return to be 13.00%. What must the average beta of the new stocks be to achieve the target required rate of return?


A) 1.68
B) 1.76
C) 1.85
D) 1.94
E) 2.04

F) A) and D)
G) None of the above

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If the returns of two firms are negatively correlated, then one of them must have a negative beta.

A) True
B) False

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Stock A's beta is 1.5 and Stock B's beta is 0.5. Which of the following statements must be true, assuming the CAPM is correct.


A) Stock A would be a more desirable addition to a portfolio then Stock B.
B) In equilibrium, the expected return on Stock B will be greater than that on Stock A.
C) When held in isolation, Stock A has more risk than Stock B.
D) Stock B would be a more desirable addition to a portfolio than A.
E) In equilibrium, the expected return on Stock A will be greater than that on B.

F) A) and D)
G) D) and E)

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The Y-axis intercept of the SML indicates the required return on an individual asset whenever the realized return on an average (b = 1) stock is zero.

A) True
B) False

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Which is the best measure of risk for a single asset held in isolation, and which is the best measure for an asset held in a diversified portfolio?


A) Variance; correlation coefficient.
B) Standard deviation; correlation coefficient.
C) Beta; variance.
D) Coefficient of variation; beta.
E) Beta; beta.

F) A) and E)
G) B) and D)

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Stocks A and B each have an expected return of 15%, a standard deviation of 20%, and a beta of 1.2. The returns on the two stocks have a correlation coefficient of +0.6. You have a portfolio that consists of 50% A and 50% B. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?


A) The portfolio's beta is less than 1.2.
B) The portfolio's expected return is 15%.
C) The portfolio's standard deviation is greater than 20%.
D) The portfolio's beta is greater than 1.2.
E) The portfolio's standard deviation is 20%.

F) C) and D)
G) All of the above

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Stock A has an expected return of 10% and a standard deviation of 20%. Stock B has an expected return of 13% and a standard deviation of 30%. The risk-free rate is 5% and the market risk premium, rM − rRF, is 6%. Assume that the market is in equilibrium. Portfolio AB has 50% invested in Stock A and 50% invested in Stock B. The returns of Stock A and Stock B are independent of one another, i.e., the correlation coefficient between them is zero. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?


A) Stock A's beta is 0.8333.
B) Since the two stocks have zero correlation, Portfolio AB is riskless.
C) Stock B's beta is 1.0000.
D) Portfolio AB's required return is 11%.
E) Portfolio AB's standard deviation is 25%.

F) B) and E)
G) A) and E)

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An individual stock's diversifiable risk, which is measured by its beta, can be lowered by adding more stocks to the portfolio in which the stock is held.

A) True
B) False

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You hold a diversified $100,000 portfolio consisting of 20 stocks with $5,000 invested in each. The portfolio's beta is 1.12. You plan to sell a stock with b = 0.90 and use the proceeds to buy a new stock with b = 1.80. What will the portfolio's new beta be?


A) 1.286
B) 1.255
C) 1.224
D) 1.194
E) 1.165

F) B) and C)
G) B) and D)

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