Question 1

Working backward is a good strategy to follow when

Accepted Answer

A)   a problem has obvious sub-goals.
B)   you can recognise the similarity between two problems.
C)   the problem does not have a well-specified goal.
D)   you have many options available at the beginning of a problem, but few options at the end.E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 2

In order to decide which car to buy, Jim makes a list of desired qualities and rates each of the cars he is considering on a scale of one to ten.After totaling the points each car receives on all the desired qualities, he is going to purchase the car with the most points.Jim is using the ____ strategy of decision-making.

Accepted Answer

A)   elimination by aspects
B)   selection by aspects
C)   subtractive
D)   additiveE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 3

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that when people have to make quick decisions they tend to

Accepted Answer

A)   gather information, calculate probabilities, and make statistically optimal decisions.
B)   use relatively simple heuristics.
C)   use relatively complicated heuristics.
D)   make irrational decisions.E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 4

Christine has been following the state lottery for over a year, and she has a record of the number of times every number has been selected.She is ready to invest R1000 in lottery tickets with the same six-number combination on each ticket.She is going to choose the six numbers that have occurred the least frequently in the last year because she is sure they will be picked eventually.In this case, Christine is showing evidence of

Accepted Answer

A)   the availability heuristic.
B)   the base rate fallacy.
C)   the gambler's fallacy.
D)   the conjunction fallacy.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 5

According to Simon's theory of bounded rationality, people tend to use

Accepted Answer

A)   simple strategies in decision making that focus on only a few facets of available options and often result in irrational decisions that are less than optimal.
B)   complex strategies in decision making that focus on multiple facets of available options and often result in irrational decisions that are less than optimal.
C)   simple strategies in decision making that focus on multiple facets of available options and often result in rational decisions that are optimal.
D)   complex strategies in decision making that do not focus clearly on enough facets of available options and often result in rational decisions that are less than optimal.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 6

In which case would working backward to solve a problem be an effective strategy?

Accepted Answer

A)   when a problem has a well-defined endpoint
B)   when a problem is unsolvable by heuristics
C)   when it is necessary to change the representation of a problem
D)   when a problem has multiphasic branch pointsE) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 7

The two sentences "The boy hit the ball" and "The ball was hit by the boy" are the same in regard to

Accepted Answer

A)   grammar.
B)   syntax.
C)   morphemes.
D)   semantics.E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 8

Barriers to effective problem solving, such as functional fixedness and mental sets, BEST reflect the unifying theme in psychology that

Accepted Answer

A)   behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage.
B)   psychology is empirical.
C)   heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour.
D)   people's experience of the world is highly subjective.E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 9

When people persist in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past, they are displaying ____________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When people persist in using problem-solving strategies...

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a common heuristic for problem-solving?

Accepted Answer

A)   working backward
B)   forming sub-goals
C)   trial and error
D)   searching for analogiesE) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 11

The failure to recognise that you can use a tool as a weight is an example of the problem-solving barrier known as functional fixedness.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

When Alaina is working on her bicycle, she brings her entire tool kit out on the driveway and starts pulling wrenches from the tool kit at random, trying them until she finds one that fits.Alaina's approach when she is working on her bicycle could be best described as

Accepted Answer

A)   alternate outcomes analysis.
B)   working backward.
C)   trial and error.
D)   forming subgoals.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 13

Evolutionary theorists argue all of the following EXCEPT that

Accepted Answer

A)   traditional research on decision making has imposed invalid and unrealistic standards of rationality.
B)   human brains are wired to think in terms of base rates and probabilities.
C)   humans only seem irrational because cognitive psychologists have been asking the wrong questions.
D)   human decision-making and problem-solving strategies have been tailored to handle real world adaptive problems.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 14

The active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable is the cognitive structure known as

Accepted Answer

A)   inductive reasoning.
B)   creativity.
C)   problem solving.
D)   a heuristic.E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 15

A mental "rule of thumb" for problem solving is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)   an algorithm.
B)   a heuristic.
C)   a mental set.
D)   a syllogism.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 16

Summarise the effects of bilingualism on language and cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

There is little empirical support for th...

Question 17

The area of psychology that refers broadly to mental processes or thinking is

Accepted Answer

A)   introspection.
B)   cognition.
C)   mentalism.
D)   intelligence.E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 18

You have a pair of pliers and a bag of nuts in the shell.You are lamenting the fact that you can't shell the nuts because you do not have a nutcracker.Your inability to perceive the pliers as a makeshift nutcracker demonstrates ____ on your part.

Accepted Answer

A)   functional fixedness
B)   mental set
C)   insight insufficiency
D)   heuristic reasoningE) A) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 19

The process that involves evaluating alternatives and making choices among them is known as

Accepted Answer

A)   insight.
B)   problem solving.
C)   decision making.
D)   bounded rationality.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 20

Cognition refers to

Accepted Answer

A)   focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli or events.
B)   the use of language in a social context.
C)   widely shared beliefs that are transmitted socially across generations.
D)   the mental processes involved in acquiring and using knowledge.E) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Exam 8: Cognition and Language

Correct Answer
verified

Cognition refers to

Correct Answer
verified

Barriers to effective problem solving, such as functional fixedness and mental sets, BEST reflect the unifying theme in psychology that

Correct Answer
verified

The area of psychology that refers broadly to mental processes or thinking is

Correct Answer
verified

You have a pair of pliers and a bag of nuts in the shell.You are lamenting the fact that you can't shell the nuts because you do not have a nutcracker.Your inability to perceive the pliers as a makeshift nutcracker demonstrates ____ on your part.

Correct Answer
verified

Evolutionary theorists argue all of the following EXCEPT that

Correct Answer
verified

In which case would working backward to solve a problem be an effective strategy?

Correct Answer
verified

The failure to recognise that you can use a tool as a weight is an example of the problem-solving barrier known as functional fixedness.

Correct Answer
verified

The two sentences "The boy hit the ball" and "The ball was hit by the boy" are the same in regard to

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

According to Simon's theory of bounded rationality, people tend to use

Correct Answer
verified

Working backward is a good strategy to follow when

Correct Answer
verified

When people persist in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past, they are displaying ____________________.

Correct Answer
verified

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that when people have to make quick decisions they tend to

Correct Answer
verified

The active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable is the cognitive structure known as

Correct Answer
verified

The process that involves evaluating alternatives and making choices among them is known as

Correct Answer
verified

A mental "rule of thumb" for problem solving is referred to as

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following is NOT a common heuristic for problem-solving?

Correct Answer
verified

Summarise the effects of bilingualism on language and cognitive development.

Correct Answer
verified
There is little empirical support for th...
View Answer

When Alaina is working on her bicycle, she brings her entire tool kit out on the driveway and starts pulling wrenches from the tool kit at random, trying them until she finds one that fits.Alaina's approach when she is working on her bicycle could be best described as

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 8: Cognition and Language

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Cognition refers to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Barriers to effective problem solving, such as functional fixedness and mental sets, BEST reflect the unifying theme in psychology that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The area of psychology that refers broadly to mental processes or thinking is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

You have a pair of pliers and a bag of nuts in the shell.You are lamenting the fact that you can't shell the nuts because you do not have a nutcracker.Your inability to perceive the pliers as a makeshift nutcracker demonstrates ____ on your part.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Evolutionary theorists argue all of the following EXCEPT that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In which case would working backward to solve a problem be an effective strategy?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The failure to recognise that you can use a tool as a weight is an example of the problem-solving barrier known as functional fixedness.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The two sentences "The boy hit the ball" and "The ball was hit by the boy" are the same in regard to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Simon's theory of bounded rationality, people tend to use

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Working backward is a good strategy to follow when

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When people persist in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past, they are displaying ____________________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that when people have to make quick decisions they tend to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable is the cognitive structure known as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The process that involves evaluating alternatives and making choices among them is known as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A mental "rule of thumb" for problem solving is referred to as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is NOT a common heuristic for problem-solving?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Summarise the effects of bilingualism on language and cognitive development.

Correct AnswerverifiedThere is little empirical support for th...View AnswerShow Answer

When Alaina is working on her bicycle, she brings her entire tool kit out on the driveway and starts pulling wrenches from the tool kit at random, trying them until she finds one that fits.Alaina's approach when she is working on her bicycle could be best described as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
There is little empirical support for th...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified